Diuretics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT2tVJVZjmg

Video lectures in clinical pharmacology by Dr. Abdel-Motaal Fouda, associate professor of clinical pharmacology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine. 2016.

foudaamm@mans.edu.eg

About this video –
Topic – Diuretics & Anti Diuretics Drugs || Chapter-36 || Pharmacology
Subject – Pharmacology section -10 – Drug acting on Kidney

B.Pharm –
D.Pharm- 2nd Year

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I am Anurag Jaiswal. I am working as Assistant Professor in a Pharmacy College and trainer in Vibgyor Laboratories.
By ANURAG JAISWAL
M.Pharm (GPAT Qualified)

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In this video we are providing K+ SPARING DIURETICS, which is very important for the GPAT, NIPER, Drug Inspector, Pharmacist Examination.
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In this video we are providing LOOP DIURETICS, which is very important for the GPAT, NIPER, Drug Inspector, Pharmacist Examination.
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This video is all about the classification of antidiuretic drugs.
Its mechanism of action,adverse effect and contraindications are also included on next following parts.
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In this video we are providing 15 MCQS related to DIURETICS (PHARMACOLOGY), which is very important for the GPAT, NIPER, ESIC PHARMACIST Examination.
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Thiazide Diuretics are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension. Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure such as heart attack, stroke and excessive edema.

*** There are 2 parts to this diuretics series, This is Part 2 of 2***

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Answers:
1.)A 2.)C 3.)A 4.)A
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This pharmacology lecture covers topics such as Diuretics, pathophysiology of hypertension, regulation of blood pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, baroreceptors, alpha 1 & beta 1 Beta 2 receptors, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, . Mechanism of action of antihypertensive drugs and their side effects; adrenergic antagonists; alpha & beta blockers, centrally acting adrenergic agents, dihydropyridine & nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, loop, thiazide, potassium-sparing diuretics, renin inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockers (ARBs), endothelin receptor antagonist, dopamine-1 receptor agonist, peripheral vasodilators. Drugs mentioned include; hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, metolazone, indapamide, furosemide, torsemide, demadex, spirinolactone, eplerenone

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJzcjIaEk-8

In this video we are going to talk about loop diuretics mechanism of action (furosemide) animation video. This video is for all medical students and nursing students. The pharmacology of loop diuretics.

Visual Learner Studios uses visual mnemonics to teach pharmacology fast and efficiently.

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A diuretic is any substance that induces the production of urine from the body. In medicine, diuretics are used to treat a wide variety of conditions including heart failure, hypertension, liver cirrhosis and certain kidney diseases.

There are 5 classes of diuretics that our visual mnemonic describes: Loop diuretics, Thiazide Diuretics, Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors, Potassium sparing diuretics, and Osmotic diuretics.

Drugs looked at in this tutorial: Furosemide, Bendroflumethiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Metolazone, Acetazolamide, Methazolamide, Spironolactone, Eplerenone, Amiloride, and Mannitol.

Diuretics are the drugs which increase the urine volume or increases excretion of water and sodium in urine.
The clinical used of diuretics includes relieving edema and fluid retention caused due to congestive heart failure, renal diseases and hepatic cirrhosis. Diuretics are also used in the treatment of hypertension.

The diuretics act at different sites of nephron.

Osmatic diuretics include Glycerol and Mannitol
After intravenous administration, it is filtered at the glomerulus but is not reabsorbed from the renal tubules. It osmotically attracts and retains water as it moves through the nephron and into the urine. This action reduces the tubular sodium concentration and the concentration gradient between the tubular fluid and cells and thereby retards the reabsorption of sodium. Osmatic diuretics are used for inducing diuresis, for reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma. mannitol is specifically used to reduces Intracerebellar pressure in cerebral edema.

The proximal tubule of nephron is site of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide and Dorzolamide.
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reversible conversion of hydrogen ion and bicarbonate to carbon dioxide and water. Thereby enabling the reabsorption of sodium bicarbonate. This process is inhibited by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors leads to corresponding increase in its renal excretion sodium bicarbonate and water.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used in Glaucoma, Epilepsy, High-altitude sickness and they are also used to alkalinize urine in urinary tract infection and to promote excretion of certain acidic drugs.

The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the site of action of High ceiling or loop diuretics like Ethacrynic acid, Furosemide, Bumetanide and Torasemide.
This segment has a high capacity for absorbing NaCl. The loop diuretics inhibit the sodium, potassium, and chloride symporter. This action produces diuresis that is much greater than that of other diuretics, this is the reason why they are called as high ceiling diuretics.
Loop diuretics are used in in treatment edema irrespective of etiology of edema cardiac, hepatic or renal. The high ceiling diuretics are preferred in congestive heart failure for rapid mobilization of edema fluid. High ceiling diuretics are used in hypertensive emergencies, when renal insufficiency is also present.

The distal tubule is site of action of thiazides such as Hydrochlorothiazide, Benzthiazide and Thiazide like diuretics such as Chlorthalidone, Metolazone, Xipamide, Indapamide.
These diuretics act mainly on the early segments of the distal tubule. Where they inhibit NaCl reabsorption by binding to the symporter responsible for the electroneutral cotransport of sodium and chloride.
Excretion of sodium, chloride and accompanying water is increased.
Thiazide and like diuretics are preferred treatment of hypertension and mild edema.

The collecting duct is site of action is potassium-sparing diuretics. In collecting duct reabsorption of sodium is coupled with potassium and hydrogen excretion.
The spironolactone reduce sodium reabsorption by antagonizing aldosterone, inhibits aldosterone-induced proteins’ (AIPs) which promote sodium reabsorption.
The other Potassium-sparing diuretics amiloride and triamterene cause of blocking of sodium channels.
The potassium-sparing diuretics are used in conjunction with other diuretic to prevent diuretic induce hypokalemia or excessive potassium excretion.